Stages of cushing - A dog with Cushing’s disease may become very thirsty and drink large amounts of water or urine. Changes in sleep patterns. A dog with Cushing’s disease may have trouble sleeping or be restless during the night. Changes in appetite. A dog with Cushing’s disease may become ravenous or lose interest in normal activities. Changes in behavior.

 
Cushing’s is often mislabeled as a disease; however, most horses progress along a spectrum from the first symptom to the final stage of actual destruction of structures in the body. Therefore, it makes more sense to discuss identifying symptoms and treating horses for Cushing’s as a syndrome before it progresses to the final stage where ... . Rent for dollar500 a month near me

Buy on Chewy. Top 5 Ingredients: Lamb Meal, Whole Grain Brown Rice, Oatmeal, Cracked Pearled Barley, Ground White Rice. Diamond Naturals Light dog food has lamb and rice for easy digestion. It also has low fat and moderate fiber content to support dogs with Cushing’s disease. Apr 7, 2023 · Causes Risk factors Diagnosis Treatment Diet Management Outlook Cushing syndrome occurs when the body overproduces cortisol. It can cause symptoms, including weight gain and thinning skin. What... Cushing’s disease is a naturally occurring syndrome, but it can also be caused by administering excessive amounts of prednisone or dexamethasone for prolonged periods. Chronic application of ...A Combination of all listed Cushing’s Symptoms in Dogs: If a dog exhibits multiple major warning signs of Cushing’s, there is a very high chance that the dog has Canine Cushings Disease. Increased Cortisol Levels: The most reliable indicator of Cushing’s in dogs symptoms is increased cortisol levels. This is the most direct analysis and ...Jun 7, 2017 · Dog hair loss, or alopecia, is often the first sign of an endocrine disease like Cushing’s. In addition, other skin-related signs of endocrine disease in your dog could be the following: Thinning of the skin. Skin infection or hot spots. Comedones (blackheads) Hyperpigmentation. Calcinosis cutis (calcium deposition in the skin) The condition mostly affects middle-aged and older dogs, and the warning signs may be harder to spot in the beginning. You might notice your dog: Is thirstier than usual. Seems hungrier. Pees more ...What are the end stages of Cushing’s disease in dogs? The increased appetite is a direct result of elevated levels of cortisol, which stimulate appetite. Lethargy (drowsiness or lack of activity) and a poor hair coat are also common in pets with hyperadrenocorticism. Many dogs with Cushing’s disease develop a bloated or pot-bellied appearance.Cushing’s disease is a specific form of Cushing’s syndrome. People with Cushing’s disease have high levels of cortisol because they have a non-cancerous (benign) tumor in the pituitary gland. The tumor releases adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), which causes the adrenal glands to produce excessive cortisol. What are the stages of Cushings disease in dogs? While not inherently painful, Cushing’s d isease in dogs (especially if uncontrolled) can be associated with:High blood pressure. Kidney infections. What are the symptoms of end stage Cushings disease in dogs? Symptoms of Cushing’s Disease As the disease progresses, dogs lose muscle and ...There are two types of Cushing’s disease – pituitary-dependent and adrenal-dependent. 1. Pituitary-dependent. The pituitary gland is found at the base of the dog’s brain and is responsible for the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). When a dog has Cushing’s disease, a tumor forms associated with the pituitary gland ... Nov 16, 2022 · Cushing’s disease does not offer a great prognosis, especially as vets only discover most cases at the end stages of the condition. The decision often rests on the cost of treatment, the projection of a good quality of life, and the horse’s function or value. Cushing syndrome (also called hypercortisolism) is a condition that occurs when a person’s body is exposed to too much of a hormone called cortisol or a medication similar to cortisol for too long. The syndrome is usually caused by taking certain medicines that mimic cortisol.Stages of Cushing's Disease: Early, Intermediate and Advanced (Final Stage) Understanding the different stages of Cushing's disease can help you identify the symptoms and provide appropriate care for your furry friend. Early Stage Cushing's Disease. In the early stages of Cushing's disease, the symptoms may be subtle and easily overlooked. The condition mostly affects middle-aged and older dogs, and the warning signs may be harder to spot in the beginning. You might notice your dog: Is thirstier than usual. Seems hungrier. Pees more ... Cushing’s Disease can progress slowly, but the advanced stages can also develop unknowingly. These advanced stages are much more severe and have a greater impact on the horse’s health. Symptoms of the advanced stages of Cushing’s include: Dull hair coat; Poor shedding; Exercise intolerance; Round abdomen (potbellied appearance) Muscle atrophyCushing’s syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time. Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps your body respond to stress. Cortisol also helps. The adrenal glands, two small glands on top of your kidneys, make cortisol. Cushing’s Disease is caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland. This is a small gland about the size of a pea located at the base of the dog’s brain. In rarer cases, the tumor could be on the adrenal glands, which are located at the top of the kidneys. No matter where the tumor is, it still creates excess cortisol.The final stages of Cushing’s Disease in dogs can vary, but may include extreme discomfort or pain, profound weight loss, inability to move and lack of appetite. In some cases, when the condition is not managed properly with medications and treatments, the disease may progress rapidly leading to organ failure and death.Hello, My dog Murphy was diagnosed with Cushings disease 7 years ago, she is now 13yrs old. I was told she would have 24 months after she was diagnosed. More people are looking for treatments and networking with other pet owners when it comes to Cushings. Just like many diseases in dogs, cats and people the more we learn the more we can help.Buy on Chewy. Top 5 Ingredients: Lamb Meal, Whole Grain Brown Rice, Oatmeal, Cracked Pearled Barley, Ground White Rice. Diamond Naturals Light dog food has lamb and rice for easy digestion. It also has low fat and moderate fiber content to support dogs with Cushing’s disease. Many symptoms of Cushing’s can be mistaken for aging so often the development of the disease is overlooked until it is in an advanced stage. The key is to know your pet and watch for signs then determine a care plan that will help deal with the symptoms of Cushing and their age. Caring for an aging dog requires a watchful eye and loving heart. Pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease is the most common cause of Cushing’s. This is when there is a tumor on your dog’s pituitary gland. This tumor will cause there to be an overproduction of ACTH hormone, which will trigger the adrenal glands to produce an excessive amount of cortisol. The pituitary tumor can be either malignant or ...Jun 8, 2020 · Classic symptoms of PPID (Cushing’s Disease) in horses. While there are many clinical signs and symptoms of PPID, abnormal hair coat and laminitis are the two most well known. Both of these symptoms can occur at all stages of the disease but tend to be subtle earlier on and increase in severity as the disease progresses. Cushing’s disease or Hyperadrenocorticism (or HAC) in dogs is a condition where the body’s adrenal glands produce too much cortisol. When there are elevated cortisol levels in the dog’s body, it can be prone to serious health conditions like diabetes and kidney damage. The main cause of Cushing’s disease is a pituitary gland tumor that ...Cushing’s syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time. Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps your body respond to stress. Cortisol also helps. The adrenal glands, two small glands on top of your kidneys, make cortisol. Surgical, radiation, and medical therapies exist for Cushing's syndrome, 1,2 but medical therapy is the most practical approach for most owners and can be managed in general practice. Historically, mitotane was used off-label for the medical treatment of Cushing's syndrome.Dec 16, 2021 · The adrenal gland leads to the increase of cortisol, causing hormonal imbalances. The results are loss of muscle mass, susceptibility to infections, and a long shaggy hair coat. Cushing’s disease mainly affects equines that are over ten years old. Most of the time, vets will diagnose the disease at the age of 19. Oct 10, 2022 · There is no other treatment than some medications for this disease hence, once your dog has reached its final stage, it is not treatable. In that situation, your dog might only survive for a few weeks or months and there is dire need to euthanize it as the vet says. There are two types of Cushing’s disease one of which is pituitary-dependent ... Stage 3. When Cushing's is further along, your dog will take on a 'potbellied' appearance. You may also recognize signs of muscle wasting. Stage 4. In this advanced stage, your dog will appear ...Jun 22, 2023 · Symptoms (an overview) There are many symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs, as we will explain in this article. Below is a picture of an Alaskan Klee Kai dog with Cushing’s disease. Side effects include extreme thirst and panting. The redness seen on his coat is also due to the excess hormone secretions that are also caused by the disease. Oct 29, 2020 · While not inherently painful, Cushing’s d isease in dogs (especially if uncontrolled) can be associated with: High blood pressure. Kidney infections. Bladder stones. Diabetes. Chronic skin and urinary tract infections. Changes in the liver ( vacuolar hepatopathy) Increased risk of clots. Overview Cushing syndrome Enlarge image Cushing syndrome happens when the body has too much of the hormone cortisol for a long time. This can result from the body making too much cortisol, or from taking medicines called glucocorticoids, which affect the body the same way as cortisol.Cushing’s disease is a specific form of Cushing’s syndrome. People with Cushing’s disease have high levels of cortisol because they have a non-cancerous (benign) tumor in the pituitary gland. The tumor releases adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), which causes the adrenal glands to produce excessive cortisol. Aug 1, 2023 · When a dog is nearing the end of its battle with Cushing’s disease, symptoms tend to be severe and distressing. Signs of this stage may include debilitating fatigue, loss of bladder control, and recurring infections due to suppressed immunity. Many dogs also suffer from gastrointestinal problems, leading to vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. Cushing’s syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time. Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps your body respond to stress. Cortisol also helps. The adrenal glands, two small glands on top of your kidneys, make cortisol. Aug 23, 2023 · Dogs with Cushing’s disease will have varying symptoms depending on how far progressed through the disease timeline they are. The first symptoms can be subtle: lethargy, panting, and increased thirst. Let’s now review the signs and symptoms in the advanced stages of the disease. The symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs is what leads to the disease going undiagnosed in many cases. Since the signs can point to so many different conditions, it’s important to be aware of all the possibilities to give your pup the best chance at management. Symptoms of Cushing’s disease include: Increased thirst. Increased appetite.Jun 27, 2022 · Late Stages of Cushing’s Syndrome in Dogs. It’s very sad to witness, but during the late and final stages of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs, you’ll notice rapid weight gain and a significant decrease in energy and activity. Diabetes is a common secondary condition that comes with the late stages of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs. Jun 7, 2017 · Dog hair loss, or alopecia, is often the first sign of an endocrine disease like Cushing’s. In addition, other skin-related signs of endocrine disease in your dog could be the following: Thinning of the skin. Skin infection or hot spots. Comedones (blackheads) Hyperpigmentation. Calcinosis cutis (calcium deposition in the skin) The condition mostly affects middle-aged and older dogs, and the warning signs may be harder to spot in the beginning. You might notice your dog: Is thirstier than usual. Seems hungrier. Pees more ... According to Contreras, this is the order in which you may commonly notice Cushing’s symptoms in your dog: Stage 1. Signs of Cushing’s during this stage are modest. Your dog may start drinking ...The symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs is what leads to the disease going undiagnosed in many cases. Since the signs can point to so many different conditions, it’s important to be aware of all the possibilities to give your pup the best chance at management. Symptoms of Cushing’s disease include: Increased thirst. Increased appetite. A dog with Cushing’s may have skin that feels thin to the touch, as opposed to the plumpness of healthy skin. Of course, if you notice bruises on your dog, you should tell your vet. 6. Recurrence of Infections. Ear and eye infections may occur more and more frequently in a dog who’s dealing with Cushing’s disease. 7.Nov 24, 2020 · Cushing’s disease is a specific type of Cushing’s syndrome and the most common form that occurs in dogs, over 80%, and therefore, it’s most often mentioned in veterinary literature. Cushing’s disease is a type of hyperadrenocorticism (excessive secretion of adrenocortical hormones) caused by a pituitary tumor . Jan 20, 2023 · What are the stages of Cushings disease in dogs? These 3 Cushing’s disease signs are known as the 3 P’s– polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. However, other illness, such as diabetes, also regularly show these signs, so an extensive physical exam is necessary to detect other signals, including: Pot-bellied appearance. Aug 1, 2023 · When a dog is nearing the end of its battle with Cushing’s disease, symptoms tend to be severe and distressing. Signs of this stage may include debilitating fatigue, loss of bladder control, and recurring infections due to suppressed immunity. Many dogs also suffer from gastrointestinal problems, leading to vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. Mar 14, 2023 · The two most common signs and symptoms of PPID in horses are hirsutism and laminitis. Hirsutism occurs when the horse fails to shed its coat, and as a consequence, it grows a long, curly coat. This is the classic sign of Cushing’s disease in horses and, if observed, is taken as a definitive diagnosis. While the shaggy coat of a horse with ... Equine Cushing’s disease is one of the most common diseases of horses greater than 15 years of age. The clinical signs are associated with abnormally elevated hormone concentrations in the blood and along with other hormones, cortisol, plays an important role in this disease. This syndrome is better defined as Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia ... Nov 24, 2020 · Cushing’s disease is a specific type of Cushing’s syndrome and the most common form that occurs in dogs, over 80%, and therefore, it’s most often mentioned in veterinary literature. Cushing’s disease is a type of hyperadrenocorticism (excessive secretion of adrenocortical hormones) caused by a pituitary tumor . Aug 23, 2018 · The information below is specific to late-stage Cushing’s Disease. Signs of Late-Stage Dog Cushing’s Disease. When a dog enters the later stages of Cushing’s disease, obvious signs and symptoms appear. Clinical signs of late-stage dog Cushing’s disease are: Enlarged palpable liver or spleen; Depression, lethargy, exercise intolerance ... Aug 7, 2023 · Stage 2: Moderate. As a dog's dementia progresses from mild to moderate, owners start to notice their dog's unusual behavior. You'd probably be alarmed, too, if your dog had been previously house ... Equine Cushing’s disease is one of the most common diseases of horses greater than 15 years of age. The clinical signs are associated with abnormally elevated hormone concentrations in the blood and along with other hormones, cortisol, plays an important role in this disease. This syndrome is better defined as Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia ...Cushing syndrome (also called hypercortisolism) is a condition that occurs when a person’s body is exposed to too much of a hormone called cortisol or a medication similar to cortisol for too long. The syndrome is usually caused by taking certain medicines that mimic cortisol.Cushing reflex (also referred to as the vasopressor response, the Cushing effect, the Cushing reaction, the Cushing phenomenon, the Cushing response, or Cushing's Law) is a physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that results in Cushing's triad of increased blood pressure, irregular breathing, and ...Overview Cushing syndrome Enlarge image Cushing syndrome happens when the body has too much of the hormone cortisol for a long time. This can result from the body making too much cortisol, or from taking medicines called glucocorticoids, which affect the body the same way as cortisol.A dog with Cushing’s disease may become very thirsty and drink large amounts of water or urine. Changes in sleep patterns. A dog with Cushing’s disease may have trouble sleeping or be restless during the night. Changes in appetite. A dog with Cushing’s disease may become ravenous or lose interest in normal activities. Changes in behavior.High blood pressure. High blood sugar. High cholesterol and triglycerides. Overall, the symptoms that most strongly hint at Cushing syndrome are the fatty deposit on the upper back/neck, fat around the abdomen, weakness in muscles closest to the torso (such as in the shoulders and hips), wide striae (skin stripes), bruising without being bumped ... Overview Cushing syndrome Enlarge image Cushing syndrome happens when the body has too much of the hormone cortisol for a long time. This can result from the body making too much cortisol, or from taking medicines called glucocorticoids, which affect the body the same way as cortisol.The condition mostly affects middle-aged and older dogs, and the warning signs may be harder to spot in the beginning. You might notice your dog: Is thirstier than usual. Seems hungrier. Pees more ... Many symptoms of Cushing’s can be mistaken for aging so often the development of the disease is overlooked until it is in an advanced stage. The key is to know your pet and watch for signs then determine a care plan that will help deal with the symptoms of Cushing and their age. Caring for an aging dog requires a watchful eye and loving heart. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Rapid breathing is first seen in what stage of shock?, Signs and symptoms of concussion include all of the following except, Signs and symptoms of Cushing's phenomenon include all of the following except: and more.Dec 16, 2021 · The adrenal gland leads to the increase of cortisol, causing hormonal imbalances. The results are loss of muscle mass, susceptibility to infections, and a long shaggy hair coat. Cushing’s disease mainly affects equines that are over ten years old. Most of the time, vets will diagnose the disease at the age of 19. Cushing’s triad, consisting of bradycardia, irregular respirations, and widened pulse pressures, is the body ’s response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP). It usually indicates a severe lack of oxygen in the brain tissue. The Cushing reflex and subsequent triad are the body ’s final attempts to oxygenate the brain and prevent ... Nov 18, 2022 · What are the end stages of Cushing’s disease in dogs? The increased appetite is a direct result of elevated levels of cortisol, which stimulate appetite. Lethargy (drowsiness or lack of activity) and a poor hair coat are also common in pets with hyperadrenocorticism. Many dogs with Cushing’s disease develop a bloated or pot-bellied appearance. Most dogs are middle-aged when most at risk of developing CD. One of the first stages of CD is dehydration. A dramatic increase in drinking water and urination could be a sign that your dog is in an early stage of Cushing’s syndrome. This can lead to more severe stages of CD, including kidney failure and muscle loss.Stages of Cushing's Disease: Early, Intermediate and Advanced (Final Stage) Understanding the different stages of Cushing's disease can help you identify the symptoms and provide appropriate care for your furry friend. Early Stage Cushing's Disease. In the early stages of Cushing's disease, the symptoms may be subtle and easily overlooked. Jun 15, 2023 · On the first day, blood is drawn and the horse is given an injection of dexamethasone, a synthetic form of cortisol. The next day, a second blood sample is drawn and both are tested to measure levels of natural cortisol. In a healthy horse, the dexamethasone injection suppresses the release of cortisol, and the second blood sample shows lower ... Cushing’s disease—also known as hypercortisolism and hyperadrenocorticism—is a serious disease that typically affects middle-aged and senior dogs. It can be serious if left untreated. Here’s what you need to know about Cushing’s disease in dogs—from types and symptoms to treatment and care. What Is Cushing's Disease in Dogs?español > Cushing syndrome (also sometimes called Cushing's syndrome) is a disorder with physical and mental changes that result from having too much cortisol in the blood for a long period of time. There are two types of Cushing syndrome: exogenous (caused by factors outside the body) and endogenous (caused by factors within the body).Jun 22, 2023 · Symptoms (an overview) There are many symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs, as we will explain in this article. Below is a picture of an Alaskan Klee Kai dog with Cushing’s disease. Side effects include extreme thirst and panting. The redness seen on his coat is also due to the excess hormone secretions that are also caused by the disease. Stage 2: Moderate. As a dog's dementia progresses from mild to moderate, owners start to notice their dog's unusual behavior. You'd probably be alarmed, too, if your dog had been previously house ...Dec 30, 2022 · Early stages of Cushing's disease. The most common early signs of Cushing's disease include: ‌ Increased appetite ‌ due to high cortisol levels. Dogs seem to be constantly ravenous, even stealing food from the garbage and constantly begging for treats. ‌ Increased water consumption ‌ from high levels of cortisol. Hyperadrenocorticism, commonly known as Cushing’s disease, is an endocrine (hormonal) disorder that is most common in middle- to older-aged dogs. Cushing’s disease is a serious medical condition. It is caused by excess cortisol levels, which can affect multiple organ systems and lead to potentially dangerous complications.motherofyoda. please research putting your dog on legans and 3mg of melantonin. This has effectively reduced the ammount of vetoryl medication in half in only 9 months. I have had my dog tested during this time and he has had his meds reduced. He is down from 20 mg of vetoryl, now at 10 mg. Helpful - 0.Jun 3, 2021 · If and when Cushing’s horses get to the point of looking like the stereotypical case, it’s often in a very late stage of the disease, veterinarians say. And as with many illnesses, the longer ... Jan 24, 2022 · español > Cushing syndrome (also sometimes called Cushing's syndrome) is a disorder with physical and mental changes that result from having too much cortisol in the blood for a long period of time. There are two types of Cushing syndrome: exogenous (caused by factors outside the body) and endogenous (caused by factors within the body). The final stages of Cushing’s Disease in dogs can vary, but may include extreme discomfort or pain, profound weight loss, inability to move and lack of appetite. In some cases, when the condition is not managed properly with medications and treatments, the disease may progress rapidly leading to organ failure and death.TCVM Blood-Building Dog Food Recipe. TCVM Blood-Building Dog Food Recipe is for listless, low-energy dogs. It contains ingredients to help support the “Blood” or liquid of the body. The “Blood” is needed for strength and energy. It mimicks PET | TAO Solutions Formula in a slow cooker version.

Jan 19, 2023 · What are the stages of Cushing’s Disease in dogs? Cushing’s disease, also known as hyperadrenocorticism, is a condition in which the body produces too much cortisol. It is a chronic condition that typically progresses through several stages. The stages of Cushing’s disease in dogs include: 1. . Hemo 100

stages of cushing

What are the stages of Cushings disease in dogs? These 3 Cushing’s disease signs are known as the 3 P’s– polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. However, other illness, such as diabetes, also regularly show these signs, so an extensive physical exam is necessary to detect other signals, including: Pot-bellied appearance.Jan 24, 2022 · español > Cushing syndrome (also sometimes called Cushing's syndrome) is a disorder with physical and mental changes that result from having too much cortisol in the blood for a long period of time. There are two types of Cushing syndrome: exogenous (caused by factors outside the body) and endogenous (caused by factors within the body). There are two types of Cushing’s disease – pituitary-dependent and adrenal-dependent. 1. Pituitary-dependent. The pituitary gland is found at the base of the dog’s brain and is responsible for the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). When a dog has Cushing’s disease, a tumor forms associated with the pituitary gland ...Endocrinology. Cushing's disease is one cause of Cushing's syndrome characterised by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary (secondary hypercortisolism ). This is most often as a result of a pituitary adenoma (specifically pituitary basophilism) or due to excess production of hypothalamus CRH ...Classic symptoms of PPID (Cushing’s Disease) in horses. While there are many clinical signs and symptoms of PPID, abnormal hair coat and laminitis are the two most well known. Both of these symptoms can occur at all stages of the disease but tend to be subtle earlier on and increase in severity as the disease progresses.Symptom #3: Sparse Hair. Though hair loss can be caused by a variety of different issues, symmetrical hair loss (i.e. hair loss on both sides of the body) is one of the key indications that your dog could have canine Cushing’s disease. It is also advisable to keep an eye out for skin sensitivity on their trunk and flanks. Advanced Cushing’s (late stage) If your dog has Cushing’s, she will develop more symptoms that are increasingly more severe as time goes on. Hair loss becomes quite obvious and your dog’s thin skin may have recurrent infections. In later stages of the disease, you may see: Depression; Intolerance to exercises; Lethargy, lack of energyDogs with Cushing’s can even show just two of these symptoms, which you are more likely to attribute to other diseases such as hypothyroidism, canine diabetes, or a nervous disorder. Many times, the tangible symptoms are often linked with the healthy aging of the dog. Thus, the presence of Cushing’s disease can go unnoticed in the early stage.Dogs in Mid-Stage Cushing’s disease need foods to tonify Qi, Yin, and Blood. A nutritionally balanced canine diet for dogs with Cushing’s disease contains: 60% – 80% Protein – mostly from meat. 20% – 40% Carbohydrates – from grains, vegetables, and fruit. A minimum of 2% fat and a maximum of 16% fat.High blood pressure. High blood sugar. High cholesterol and triglycerides. Overall, the symptoms that most strongly hint at Cushing syndrome are the fatty deposit on the upper back/neck, fat around the abdomen, weakness in muscles closest to the torso (such as in the shoulders and hips), wide striae (skin stripes), bruising without being bumped ... Cushing's disease results when the body produces too much of a hormone called cortisol. Cortisol is produced and stored by the adrenals, two small glands that sit on top of the kidneys. Dogs, cats ... .

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